DRONE PILOT TRAINING

1. Introduction to EASA and the aviation system; and
2. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/947 and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/945:
   1. Applicability to Member States;
   2. Standard Scenarios (STS);
   3. UAS operator registration and operational declaration;
   4. UAS operator responsibilities;
   5. Responsabilidades de los pilotos a distancia; y
   6. Notification of events, incidents and accidents.

Knowing the applicable regulations is the basis of any industry. In the least tedious way possible, the most relevant aspects of the EU Regulation and its applicability to the national scope will be explained, defining the training levels, the standard scenarios (STS) and the figures of operator, pilot and observer, as well as the responsibilities of each one of them. The categories of operations and classes of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) will also be specified.

1. The influence of psychoactive substances and alcohol, as well as when the remote pilot is not in adequate condition due to injury, fatigue, medication, illness or other causes;
2. Effect of weather conditions on the crew; and
3. Human perception:
   1. Factors influencing the pilot’s visual range (“VLOS”);
   2. Evaluation of obstacle clearance and distance between unmanned aircraft and obstacles
   3. Evaluation of unmanned aircraft flight speed
   4. Evaluation of unmanned aircraft flight altitude.
   5. Situational awareness
   6. Night operations; and
   7. Communication between different people involved in the operation.

A basic aspect of UAS operations is the pilot. Consequently, it is also essential to know the factors that can affect its performance and therefore the performance of the operation. The main causes that reduce human performance such as fatigue, illness and the ingestion of medication, alcohol or other psychoactive substances will be discussed and examples of the limitations of human perception and how weather conditions can affect pilots will be discussed.

1. Pre-flight procedures
   1. Operation evaluation;
   2. Identification of a controlled ground area suitable for unmanned aircraft operations and in accordance with standard scenarios;
   3. Environmental conditions and methods for obtaining weather forecasts;
   4. Limitations and conditions applicable to the ground risk prevention zone according to the operations manual;
   5. Flight planning;
   6. Verification of UAS conditions and use of checklists.
2. In-flight procedures
   1. Standard procedures; and
   2. Contingency and emergency procedures;
3. Post-flight procedures
   1. UAS inspection and maintenance;
   2. Reports and details on operation and registration.

UAS operations extend beyond the flight itself. Not only the in-flight procedures but also the pre-flight and post-flight procedures must be known. Pre-operation planning is key to its effectiveness and safety. In the preparation of the operation, the flight area must be analyzed and the possible associated risks must be foreseen, as well as the weather conditions and the equipment to be used. During the flight, not only the normal flight procedures must be taken into account, but especially the procedures in case of any anomaly or emergency, situations for which the pilot must be prepared. In addition, the actions to be taken once the flight is over will be explained, including the recording of the operation information and the inspection and maintenance of the systems.

1. Definition of the operational volume, reinforced by height and speed limitation systems;
2. Consultation of airspace limitations through official sources; procedures for updating and uploading airspace limitations to the geo-awareness function;
3. Evaluation of flight geography:
   1. Procedures required for UAS operations in controlled airspace, including a protocol for communicating with air traffic control and obtaining coordination and instructions, if necessary;
   2. Coordination with airfield managers for UAS operations, if necessary;
   3. Selection and evaluation of airspace information that may have an impact on the planned operation;
4. Airspace monitoring and remote pilot coordination with airspace observers:
   1. Proper placement of airspace observers;
   2. Solid and effective means of communication;
   3. Phraseology;
5. Definition of basic actions to be taken in cases of emergency, including problems with the UAS or the occurrence of a mid-air collision hazard during an operation.
   1. Specification of an effective emergency response plan appropriate to the operational scenario;
   2. See-and-avoid procedures.

In order to offer a safe operation, the first thing to know is the risks. Based on the risks of the operation, the necessary measures to eliminate or at least reduce them should be analyzed. To reduce risks in the air, i.e. a collision with another aircraft, it is important to define the volume of the operation and respect it, to avoid invading the airspace of other users or being limited for any reason. For this purpose, there are several procedures that will be explained in this chapter, which are applied in the planning of the operation as well as in its development.

1. The effect of weather conditions on the flight of an unmanned aircraft:
   1. Wind (e.g. turbulence, effects in urban environments, etc.);
   2. Temperature;
   3. Visibility; and
   4. Air density;
2. Obtaining weather forecasts;

Weather is a very important conditioning factor in the development of a UAS operation. They can significantly affect the performance of both the aircraft and the pilot. It is therefore necessary to know the basics of meteorology applicable to air operations, its impact and how to obtain forecasts, to be taken into account in planning.

1. Typical operating envelope of a gyroplane, a fixed-wing aircraft and a hybrid configuration aircraft;
2. Center of gravity (CG) and mass balance:
   1. Consider overall stability when installing gimbals and payload;
   2. Understand the different payload characteristics and how they affect the stability of the unmanned aircraft in flight; and
   3. Understand that different types of UAS have different CG;
3. Securing the payload;
4. Batteries;
   1. Understand the operation of the power supply to help prevent possible unsafe conditions;
   2. Familiarization with the different types of existing batteries;
   3. Understand the terminology used for batteries (e.g. voltage, capacity, charge and discharge, C-rate, etc.); and
   4. Understand battery operation (e.g., charging and discharging, installation, use, storage, hazards, etc.).

In relation to the knowledge of the UAS, the principles of flight and mass balance must be emphasized in order to obtain the necessary stability. These somewhat specific aeronautical concepts will be explained in a way that is accessible to the general public. Battery performance characteristics, a fundamental component in UAS, will also be discussed.

1. Low speed mode function;
2. Evaluation of the distance to non-participants in the operation;
3. Rule 1:1.